Contents
What is the function of androgen receptors?
Androgen receptors allow the body to respond appropriately to these hormones. The receptors are present in many of the body’s tissues, where they attach (bind) to androgens. The resulting androgen-receptor complex then binds to DNA and regulates the activity of androgen-responsive genes.
What is the meaning of androgen receptor?
Listen to pronunciation. (AN-droh-jen reh-SEP-ter) A protein that binds male hormones called androgens. Androgen receptors are found inside the cells of male reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some cancer cells.
What is androgen receptor therapy?
Hormone therapy is also called androgen suppression therapy. The goal is to reduce levels of male hormones, called androgens, in the body, or to stop them from fueling prostate cancer cells. Androgens stimulate prostate cancer cells to grow. The main androgens in the body are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
Is androgen receptor a transcription factor?
The androgen receptor (AR) is a nuclear receptor that functions as a transcription factor and regulates the development and growth of the prostate. The AR, when bound by a ligand, complexes with DNA at androgen response elements in the promoter region of target genes.
What type of receptor is the androgen receptor?
nuclear receptor
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.
Where is the androgen receptor found?
the X chromosome
The AR, located on the X chromosome, is expressed in a diverse range of tissues and as such androgens have been documented to have significant biological actions in bone, muscle, prostate, adipose tissue and the reproductive, cardiovascular, immune, neural and haemopoietic systems.
What is androgen receptor positive?
Listen to pronunciation. (AN-droh-jen reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv) Describes cells that have a protein that binds to androgens (male hormones). Cancer cells that are androgen receptor positive may need androgens to grow.
What are androgen blockers?
Antiandrogens (also known as androgen antagonists or testosterone blockers) are a class of drugs used to treat nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) in men who cannot be helped by other medical treatments.
What binds to the androgen receptor?
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.
What do glucocorticoid receptors do?
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR, or GCR) also known as NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1) is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind. The GR is expressed in almost every cell in the body and regulates genes controlling the development, metabolism, and immune response.
How do androgen receptor inhibitors work?
They belong to a class called “androgen receptor inhibitors.” They work by blocking the effects of androgen (a male reproductive hormone such as testosterone and DHT) to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. Prostate cancer cells require androgens for them to grow and survive.
What cells are androgen receptors in?
The AR, located on the X chromosome, is expressed in a diverse range of tissues and as such androgens have been documented to have significant biological actions in bone, muscle, prostate, adipose tissue and the reproductive, cardiovascular, immune, neural and haemopoietic systems.
How does indirect gene transrepression occur in the androgen receptor?
Indirect gene transrepression can also occur, by the AR binding and sequestering transcription factors such as activator protein-1 (AP-1) that are normally required to upregulate target gene expression (e.g. Ngfr20and Mmp-1321), in the absence of the AR binding to DNA.
How are androgens used to regulate gene transcription?
Androgens can exert their actions via the AR in a DNA binding-dependent manner to regulate target gene transcription, or in a non-DNA binding-dependent manner to initiate rapid, cellular events such as the phosphorylation of 2 nd messenger signalling cascades. More recently, ligand-independent actions of the AR have also been identified.
What is the structure of the androgen receptor?
Androgen Receptor Structure The AR comprises three main functional domains: the N-terminal transcriptional regulation domain, the DNA binding domain (DBD) and the ligand binding domain (Figure 1).
How is the androgen receptor modified in prostate cancer?
Genomic. Androgen receptor is modified by post translational modification through acetylation, which directly promotes AR mediated transactivation, apoptosis and contact independent growth of prostate cancer cells. AR acetylation is induced by androgens and determines recruitment into chromatin.